"The Shoulders of Giants" - Free energy (over-unity), anti-gravity & warp drive

Contents

The Shoulders of Giants
Chronological bibliography
References

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Stop Press: Michael Schellenberger, The United States Department of Defence and the Intelligence Community are withholding information about anomalous phenomena from Congress, Testimony to Congress hear on Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Exposing the Truth, 13 November 2024, 212p. Contains a comprehensive chronology covering the period 1947 to 2023, with links to documents.

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1. The Shoulders of Giants

On 23 July 2024 United States YouTuber Ashton Forbes posted on X a list of UFO and extratraterrestrial related technology publications by a group of individuals under the title On the Shoulders of Giants. Forbes, like many scientists and commentators, did not necessarily relate the technologies of an ET origin, but assumed they were totally of human origin. The present writer believes they are both. Those publications referred to free energy, anti-gravity propulsion and warp drive utilising wormholes to traverse space time - three connected technologies which exist on Earth and have been written about in detail by various scientists and engineers, but remain little known amongst the general public as a result of above top secret classifications of the associated public, corporate and military technologies. The unspoken element of this is the aspect of back-engineering of Alien and Extraterrestrial technologies which has taken place apace since 1917 when the German-Austrian Maria Orsic was provided with information on how to make a flying saucer - information subsequently utilised by the Germans, Americans and Russians. The Australian Frederick Birmingham had been previded with similar information during the period 1868-74 and had provided that information to the Americans. However it was not taken up at the time as it was beyond the understanding and technical capabilities of the time. Forbes' list is presented below, along with relevant additions and rearranged in chronological order, from oldest to youngest. As Forbes noted on the X posting:

There are a number of scientists who have never got the recognition they deserve. I have grown accustomed to seeing the same names repeatedly in my research. I am sure there are many more that deserve recognition, but for now I would like to highlight a few of my favorites. Cheers to the physicists and engineers who have allowed us to get to this point. All of these are real scientific published papers.

Individuals highlighted and commented upon by Forbes included the following, though the list below includes additional material derived from a variety of sources:

Thomas Bearden 1930-2022
Harold E. Puthoff b.1936
Eric W. Davis
Robert M. L. Baker
Harold 'Sonny' White
Salvatore Pais
Frank Mead
John Bedini 1949-2016
Kenneth Radford Shoulders (d.2014)

Forbes is performing a genuine service by bringing this information to public attention and, furthermore, providing a simplified overview of their content - a veritable Warp Drive for Idiots type of realm. It is frankly amazing that much of this material is in the public realm, yet the practical applications which have existed since the 1920s remain shrouded in secrecy and the domain of a skeptical public and academy, supporting a super-secret military-industrial-political complex, led in the US by the CIA. Few, if any, scientists, engineers or government officials are prepared to publically pronounce their support and interest in these topics, due to the Black Hat agenda of coverup and ridicule. Perhaps that is now changing, following the expulsion of the Nabu Grays and Draco Reptilians from the Sol system by the Galactic Federation of Worlds and the Earth Alliance during 2021-22.

NB: Additional bibliographic listings linked to the subject of UFOs and ETs are included in the material linked at the top of this article.

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2. Chronological bibliography

This is a select, introductory bibliography of a very complex array of topics. It generally focuses on articles, though a number of books are included. There is a vast collection of related material available outside of this listing.

1874

* 24 January 1874, F.W. Birmingham, To London in Four Days!, Cumberland Mercury, Parramatta. Describes the construction and operation of a replica Ark aerial machine / Alien anti-gravity spacecraft powered by what Birmingham perceived at the time was the negation of surrounding air pressure, but what, in this evolving era of quantum mechanics / physics may have been a folding of spacetime. The description is based on what was telepathically provided to him between 1868-74 by an Alien / Spirit. Source: Rumsey Papers, University of Sydney.

* 19 February 1874, F.W. Birmingham, Aeronautics, Cumberland Mercury, Parramatta. Letter to the editor from F.W. Birmingham responding to queries from a Mr. N.W. Thomas. Source: Rumsey Papers, University of Sydney.

1891

* Nikola Tesla, Experiments with alternate currents of very high frequency and their application to methods of artificial illumination, American Institute of Electrical Engineers, Columbia College, New York, 20 May 1891. Identified the significance of electrostatics in relation to the aether, free energy and gravity. c.f. Solomon 2008; Essential Nikola Tesla lecture from 1891, Master Ivo, YouTube, 30 July 2024, duration: 51.04 minutes; the Russian video showing the Searl Effect in the video is here; and as discussed in the Ashton Forbes video of 10 August 2024, here.

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1914

* Charles Porteus Steinmetz, Electrical Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients, 2nd edition, Revised and Enlarged, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1914, 156p.

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1916

* Albert Einstein, Relativity: The Special and General Theory, H. Holt and Co., New York, 1916, 196p. Reprint 1920. This work, bringing together research covering 1905-15, is the basis for the development of quantum physics and our current understanding of the areas of focus within this bibliography.

* Albert Einstein,, Annals of Physics, 49, 1916, 769.

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1917

* Tullio Levi-Civita, Sulle espressione analitica spettante al tensore gravitazionale nella teoria di Einstein [On the analytical expression relating to the gravitational tensor in Einstein's theory], R. C. Acadi Lincei, 5(26), i, 1917, 381-391. c.f. Tullio Levi Civita and his impact on Einstein's Theory of Relativity (2018).

* Tullio Levi-Civita, Realtà fisica di alcuni spazi normali del Bianchi, Rendiconti della Reale Accademia dei Lincei, Series 5, 26, 1917, pp.519-533.

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1921

* Wilson, H. A. Wilson, An electromagnetic theory of gravitation, Physics Review, 17, 1921, 54-59.

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1928

* Hermann Weyl, One dimensional tubes [wormholes], in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 1928.

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1935

* Hansen, W.W., A News 2pe of Expansion in Radiation Problems, Physics Review. 47, 1935, 139-143. Orbs.

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1941

* Stratton, S.A., Electromagnetic Theory, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1941. Orbs.

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1949

* Everson, G., The Story of Television – The Life of Philo T. Farnsworth, W. W. Norton & Co., Inc., New York, 1949.

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1950

* Clarke, A. C., Electromagnetic Launching as a Major Contribution to Space Flight, Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, 9, no. 6, 1950.

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1954

* Majestic-12 Group - Special Operations Manual [SOM-01]: Extraterrestrial Entities and Technology - Recovery and Disposal. Top Secret - Majic Eyes Only, Majestic-12 Group, Washington, 7 April 1954, 29p.

* Truesdell, C., The Kinematics of Vorticity, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana, 1954.

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1956

* Farnsworth, P. T. (1956), “Electric Discharge Device for Producing Interactions between Nuclei,” U.S. Patent No. 3,358,402 [initially filed May 5, 1956, revised October 19, 1960, filed January 11, 1962, issued June 28, 1966].

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1957

* C. W. Misner and J. A. Wheeler, Classical physics as geometry, Annals of Physics, 2(6), 1957, 525. Creates the term wormhole. Extract: This analysis forces one to consider situations ... where there is a net flux of lines of force, through what topologists would call "a handle" of the multiply-connected space, and what physicists might perhaps be excused for more vividly terming a "wormhole".

* Rose, M.E., Elementary Theory of Angular Momentum New York: J. Wiley & Sons (1957). Orbs.

* Dicke, R. H. (1957), “Gravitation without a principle of equivalence,” Review of Modern Physics, 29, 363-376.

* Crozier, W. D. and Hume, W. (1957), “High-Velocity, Light-Gas Gun,” J. Appl. Phys., 28, 892-894.

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1959

* Goldstein, H., Classical Mechanics Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley (1959). Orbs.

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1960

* Schmidt, G., Virial Theorem for Plasmas, Phys. Fluids, 3, 481 (1960). Orbs.

* Kineke, J. H. (1960), “An experimental study of crater formation in metallic targets,” in Proc. of the 4th Hypervelocity Impact Symposium, Eglin AFB, Florida.

* Clark, E. N., et al. (1960), “Studies of hypervelocity impact on lead,” in Proc. of the 4thHypervelocity Impact Symposium, Eglin AFB, Florida.

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1961

* Harrington, R.F., Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields New York: McGraw-Hill (1961). Orbs.

* Forward, R. L. (1961a), “General Relativity for the Experimentalist,” Proc. Institute of Radio Engineers, 49, 892-904.

* Forward, R. L. (1961b), “Antigravity,” Proc. Institute of Radio Engineers, 49, 1442.

* Dicke, R. H. (1961), “Mach’s principle and equivalence,” in Proc. of the Int’l School of Physics “Enrico Fermi” Course XX, Evidence for Gravitational Theories, ed. C. Møller, Academic Press, New York, pp. 1-49.

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1962

* Ericson, M., C. S. Ward, S. C. Brown and S. J. Buchsbaum, Containment of Plasmas by High-Frequency Electric Fields, J. Appl. Phys.,33, pp. 2429-2434, (1962). Orbs.

*. Forward, R. L. (1962), “Pluto: Last Stop Before the Stars,” Science Digest (Aug. issue), 70-75.

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1963

* Rosenbluth, M.N., and G.W. Stuart, Relativistic Virial Theorem, Phys. Fluids, 6, 452 (1963). Orbs.

* Forward, R. L. (1963), “Guidelines to Antigravity,” Am. J. Phys., 31, 166-170.

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1964

* Gerjouy, E. and R.C. Stabler, Self-Confinement of Plasmas, Phys. Fluids, 7, 920 (1964). Orbs.

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1965

* Wenzel, A. B. and Gehring, J. W. (1965), “Techniques for Launching 0.01 to 25 gm Discrete Projectiles at Velocities Up to 54,100 ft/sec,” in Proc. of the 4th Hypervelocity Techniques Symposium, Arnold Air Force Station, TN.

* Moore, E. T., et al. (1965), “Explosive Gas Guns for Hypervelocity Acceleration,” in Proc. of the 4th Hypervelocity Techniques Symposium, Arnold Air Force Station, TN

* Brast, D. E. and Sawle, D. R. (1965), Feasibility Study for Development of a Hypervelocity Gun, Final Report NASA Contract NAS 8-11204.

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1966

* Isaacs, J. D., et al. (1966), “Satellite Elongation into a True ‘Sky-Hook,’” Science, 151, 682-683 (see also Science, 152, 800 and Science, 158, 947).

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1967

* Lvov, V. (1967), “Sky-Hook: Old Idea,” Science, 158, 946-947.

* Batchelor, G. K., An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics, Cambridge: biliversity Press (1967).

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1968

* Liboff, R.L. and T-J Lie, Plasma Virial and Equations of State for a Plasma, Phys. Fluids, 11, 1943 (1968).

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1969

223. Rodenberger, C. A. (1969), Obtaining Hypervelocity Acceleration Using PropellantLined Launch Tubes, NASA CR-10193 (see also NASA CR-982, NASA CR-1533, and NASA CR-2143).

7. Artsutanov, Y. (1969), “Into Space Without Rockets,” Znanije-Sila, 7, 25 (English translation: Report No. ADA084507, Air Force Systems Command, WPAFB, Ohio, 1969).

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1970

* Rodenberger, C. A., Sawyer, M. L., and Tower, M. M. (1970), On the Feasibility of Obtaining Hypervelocity Acceleration Using Propellant Lined Launch Tubes, NASA CR-108699

* McLafferty, G. H. (1970), “Gas-Core Nuclear Rocket Engine Technology Status,” AIAA Paper No. 70-708, AIAA 6th Propulsion Joint Specialist Conference, San Diego, CA

* Hill, P. G. and Peterson, C. R. (1970), Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Propulsion, Ch. 15: Nuclear Rockets, Addison-Wesley Publ. Co., Reading, MA, pp. 468-489

* Gabriel, D. S., et al. (1970), “Nuclear Rocket Engine Program Status – 1970,” AIAA Paper No. 70-711, AIAA 6th Propulsion Joint Specialist Conference, San Diego, CA

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1971

* de Felice, F. (1971), “On the gravitational field acting as an optical medium,” Gen. Rel. Grav., 2, 347-357.

* Vesco, Renato, Interept, but don't shoot: The True Story of the Flying Saucers, Zebra Books, 1971, 338p. Deals with Italian and German UFOs around the WWII period. Originally published in Italian during 1968-70.

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1972

* Rom, F. E. and Putre, H. A. (1972), Laser Propulsion, NASA Technical Memorandum TM X-2510

209. Pirri, A. N. and Weiss, R. F. (1972), “Laser Propulsion,” AIAA Paper 72-719, AIAA 5th Fluid and Plasma Dynamics Conference, Boston, MA

182. Minovitch, M. A. (1972), “Reactorless Nuclear Propulsion – The Laser Rocket,” AIAA Paper 72-1095, AIAA/SAE 8th Joint Propulsion Specialist Conference, New Orleans, LA

147. Kolm, H. H. and Thornton, R. D. (1972), “The Magneplane: Guided Electromagnetic Flight,” in Proc. of the 1972 Applied Superconductivity Conference, Annopolis, IN

138. Kantrowitz, A. (1972), “Propulsion to Orbit by Ground-Based Lasers,” Astronautics and Aeronautics, 10, 74-76

116. Harstad, K. G. (1972), Review of Laser-Solid Interactions and Its Possibilities for Space Propulsion, NASA Technical Memorandum 33-578, NASA Jet Propulsion Lab, Pasadena, CA

222. Reid, A. F. (1972), Preliminary Investigation of an Electromagnetic Gun, NWL Technical Note No. TN-E-10/72, Naval Weapons Laboratory, Dahlgren, VA

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1973

208. Pirri, A. N., Monsler, J. J., and Nebolsine, P. E. (1973), “Propulsion by Absorption of Laser Radiation,” AIAA Paper 73-624, AIAA 6th Fluid and Plasma Dynamics Conference, Palm Springs, CA

183. Moir, R. W. and Barr, W. L. (1973), “‘Venetian Blind’ Direct Energy Convertor for Fusion Reactors,” Nuclear Fusion, 13, 35

118. Hawking, S. W. and Ellis, G. F. R. (1973), The Large-Scale Structure of Space-Time, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, pp. 88-91 and 95-9.

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1974

* 1974 Interview - John Northrop and Stanton Friedman, UFOB: Your UAP Library, 9 February 2024, YouTube, 14.49 duration: and 1974 documentary - What happened to the Flying Wing?, UFOB: Your UAP Library, 9 February 2024, YouTube, duration: 36.24 minutes. Discusses the development of Alien and Extraterrestrial propulsion systems for the private firm of Northrop-Grumman.

* Taylor, J.B., Ralazation of Toroidal Plasma and Generation of Reverse Magnetic fields, Physics Review Letters, 33,1139 (1974). Orbs.

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1975

* Pearson, J. (1975), “The Orbital Tower: A Spacecraft Launcher Using the Earth’s Rotational Energy,” Acta Astronautica, 2, 785-799

* Papailiou, D. D. ed. (1975), Frontiers in Propulsion Research: Laser, Matter-Antimatter, Excited Helium, Energy Exchange Thermonuclear Fusion, NASA-JPL Technical Memorandum 33-722, NASA-CR-142707, California Inst. of Technology, Pasadena, CA

* Hsieh, T.-M. (1975), “Thermonuclear Fusion Technology And Its Application In Space Propulsion,” in Frontiers in Propulsion Research: Laser, Matter-Antimatter, Excited Helium, Energy Exchange Thermonuclear Fusion, ed. D. D. Papailiou, NASA-JPL Technical Memorandum 33-722, NASA-CR-142707, California Inst. of Technology, Pasadena, CA, pp. 134-17.

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1976

* Bakirov, I. T. and Mitrofanov, V. V. (1976), “High Velocity Two-Layer Detonation in an Explosive Gas System,” Soviet Phys. Doklady, 21, 704-706.

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1977

* Moravec, H. (1977), “A Non-Synchronous Orbital Skyhook,” J. Astronautical Sci., 25, 307-322

* Arnold, W., et al. (1979), “Mass Drivers (parts I, II and III),” in Proc. of the 1977 NASA-AMES Summer Study: Space Resources and Space Settlements, NASA SP-428, U.S. Gov’t Printing Office.

4. Arnold, R. and Kingsbury, D. (1979a), “The Spaceport, Part I,” Analog Science Fiction-Science Fact, 99, no. 11, 48-67.

5. Arnold, R. and Kingsbury, D. (1979b), “The Spaceport, Part II,” Analog Science Fiction-Science Fact, 99, no. 12, 60-77.

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1978

* Russel F. Osborn and Charles Ray Gallaway, Wind tunnel test of an AFFDL Tactical High Altitude Penetrator (THAP) Aerial Vehicle Configuration, Final Report for period October 1976 - June 1978, Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory, Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories, Air Force Systems Command, December 1978, 58p. Preliminary research for the TR-3B program.

*. Rashleigh, S. C. and Marshall, R. A. (1978), “Electromagnetic acceleration of macroparticles to high velocities,” J. Appl. Phys., 49, 2540-2542

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1979

* Furth, H.P., The Compact Torus Concept and the Spheronak, Proceedings of the US Japan Joint Symposium on Compact Toruses and Energetic Particle Injection, PPPL, pp.3-7 (1979). Orbs.

* Rosenbluth, M.N., and M.N. Bussuc, MHD Stability of Spheromak, Nuclear Fusion 19, 489, (1979). Orbs.

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1981

* Pauli, W. (1981), Theory of Relativity, Dover reprint, New York, pp. 171-172

* Hawke, R. S., et al. (1981), “Electromagnetic Railgun Launchers,” AIAA-81-0751, AIAA/JSASS/DGLR 15th Int’l Electric Propulsion Conference, Las Vegas, NV

* Forward, R. L. and Moravec, H. P. (1981), “High Wire Act,” Omni, 3, no. 10, 44

* Eder, D. (1981), “A Low Cost Earth Based Launch System and Its Effect on Space Industrialization,” in Space Manufacturing 4, Proc. of the 5th Princeton/AIAA Conference, pp. 221-229

* Clarke, A. C. (1981), “The Space Elevator: ‘Thought Experiment’ or Key to the Universe?,” Advanced Earth Oriented Appl. Space Tech., 1, 39-48

* Chapman, P. K. (1981), “Bolos for Space Transportation,” unpublished paper submitted to the 1981 NASA-Lewis Advanced Propulsion Competition

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1982

* Gekker, L. R., Interaction of Strong Electromagnetic Fields With Plasmas, Oxford: Clerendon Press (1982). Orbs.

* Myrabo, L. N. (1982), “A Concept for Light-Powered Flight,” AIAA/SAE/ASME 18th Joint Propulsion Conference, Cleveland, OH

* Ebisch, K. E. (1982), “Skyhook: Another Space Construction Project,” Am. J. Phys., 50, 467-469

* Brakke, K. A. (1982), “The Skyrail,” L-5 News (July issue), 6-9

* Birch, P. (1982), “Orbital Ring Systems and Jacob’s Ladders – I,” J. British Interplanetary Soc., 35, 475-497

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1983

* Wilbur, P. J., Mitchell, C. E., and Shaw, B. D. (1983), “The Electrothermal Ramjet,” J. Spacecraft and Rockets, 20, 603-610.

* Bostick, W.H., et al. Second International Conference on Energy Storage Compresson and Switching, Venice, Italy, Plenum Press, New York, 1983.

* Myrabo, L. N. (1983), Advanced Beamed-Energy and Field Propulsion Concepts, BDM/W-83-225-TR, BDM Corp., Final Report for CalTech and NASA-JPL, NASA Contract NAS7-100

* Birch, P. (1983a), “Orbital Ring Systems and Jacob’s Ladders – II,” J. British Interplanetary Soc., 36, 115

* Birch, P. (1983b), “Orbital Ring Systems and Jacob’s Ladders – III,” J. British Interplanetary Soc., 36, 231

* Bekey, I. (1983), “Tethers Open New Space Options,” Astronautics and Aeronautics, 21, 32

* Barr, W. L. and Moir, R. W. (1983), “Test Results on Plasma Direct Convertors,” Nucl. Tech. and Fusion, 3, 98.

* Ambjφrn, J. and Wolfram, S. (1983), “Properties of the Vacuum. I. Mechanical and Thermodynamic,” Annals Phys., 147, 1-32.

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1984

* Thomas E. Bearden, Star Wars Now! The Bohm-Aharonov Effect, Scalar Interferometry and Soviet Weaponization, 24 April 1984, 39p.

* Mashhoon, B., Hehl, F. W., and Theiss, D. S. (1984), “On the Gravitational Effects of Rotating Masses: The Lense-Thirring Papers Translated,” Gen. Rel. and Grav., 16, 711-750

* Glumb, R. J. and Krier, H. (1984), “Concepts and Status of Laser-Supported Rocket Propulsion,” J. Spacecraft and Rockets, 21, 70-79

* Forward, R. L. (1984), “Extracting electrical energy from the vacuum by cohesion of charged foliated conductors,” Phys. Rev. B, 30, 1770-1773

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1985

* Puthoff, H.E., Condensed Charge Technology and its Potential Impact on the Elec. tronics Industry, Meeting of the Society for Scientific Exploration, Palo Alto, June, 1990, B'oyer, T.H., The Classical Vacuum, Scientific American, Aug. 1985.

* Myrabo. L. N. and Ing, D. (1985), The Future of Flight, Baen Books-Simon and Schuster, New York

* Lofstrom, K. H. (1985), “The launch loop – a low cost Earth-to-high orbit launch system,” AIAA-85-1368

* Hyde, R. A. (1985), “EARTHBREAK: Earth to Space Transportation,” Defense Science 2003+, 4, 78-92

* Howe, S. (1985), “Assessment of the Advantages and Feasibility of a Nuclear Rocket for a Manned Mars Mission,” in Proc. of the Manned Mars Mission Workshop, Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL [LANL Preprint LA-UR-85-2442]

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1986

* Bill Sweetman, Stealth Aircraft: Secrets of Future Airpower, Motorbooks International, 1986, 96p.

* Taylor, J.B., Relazation and Magnetic Reconnection in Plasmas, Rev. Mod. Phys. 58,741 (1986). Orbs.

* Powell, J. R., et al. (1986), “Technology of Thermal Hypervelocity Launchers,” IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, 22, 1675-1680

* Myrabo, L. N. (1986), “The Mercury Lightcraft Concept,” in Proc. of the SDIO/DARPA Workshop on Laser Propulsion

* Bacarat, W. A. and Butner, C. L. (1986), Tethers in Space Handbook, prepared for NASA, Bantam Books, 4-32.

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1987

* Weldon, W. F., “Development of Hypervelocity Electromagnetic Launchers,” Int’l J. Impact Engr., 5, 1987, 671-679.

* Nagatomo, M. and Kyotani, Y. (1987), “Feasibility Study on Linear-Motor-Assisted Take-Off (LMATO) of Winged Launch Vehicle,” Acta Astronautica, 15, 851-857.

* Miley, G. H. (1987), Advanced Fusion Power: A Preliminary Assessment, Committee on Advanced Fusion Power, Air Force Studies Board, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

* Kare, J. T. ed. (1987), Proc. of the SDIO/DARPA Workshop on Laser Propulsion, CONF-860778, Vol. 1 – 3, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA.

* Forward, R. L. (1987), Breakthrough Physics, AFAL SR-87-001, Air Force Astronautics Laboratory, Air Force Space Technology Center-Space Division, Air Force Systems Command, Edwards AFB, CA

* Fair, H. D. (1987), “Hypervelocity Then and Now,” Int’l J. Impact Engr., 5, 1-11.

* Bohl, R. J. and Boudreau, J. E. (1987), “Direct Nuclear Propulsion: A White Paper,” Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM.

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1988

* M. S. Morris and K. S. Thorne, Wormholes in Spacetime and Their Use for Interstellar Travel: A Tool for Teaching General Relativity, American Journal of Physics, 56, May 1988, 395-412. https://doi.org/10.1119/1.15620. Abstract: Rapid interstellar travel by means of spacetime wormholes is described in a way that is useful for teaching elementary general relativity. The description touches base with Carl Sagan’s novel Contact, which, unlike most science fiction novels, treats such travel in a manner that accords with the best 1986 knowledge of the laws of physics. Many objections are given against the use of black holes or Schwarzschild wormholes for rapid interstellar travel. A new class of solutions of the Einstein field equations is presented, which describe wormholes that, in principle, could be traversed by human beings. It is essential in these solutions that the wormhole possess a throat at which there is no horizon; and this property, together with the Einstein field equations, places an extreme constraint on the material that generates the wormhole’s spacetime curvature: In the wormhole’s throat that material must possess a radial tension τ0 with the enormous magnitude τ0∼ (pressure at the center of the most massive of neutron stars)×(20 km)2/(circumference of throat)2. Moreover, this tension must exceed the material’s density of mass‐energy, ρ0c2. No known material has this τ0>ρ0c2 property, and such material would violate all the ‘‘energy conditions’’ that underlie some deeply cherished theorems in general relativity. However, it is not possible today to rule out firmly the existence of such material; and quantum field theory gives tantalizing hints that such material might, in fact, be possible.

* Hertzberg, A., Bruckner, A. P., and Bogdanoff, D. W. (1988), “The Ram Accelerator: A New Chemical Method of Accelerating Projectiles to Ultrahigh Velocities,” AIAA J., 26, 195-203

* Haloulakos, V. E., et al. (1988), “Nuclear Propulsion: Past, Present, and Future,” in Proc. of the 5th Symposium on Space Nuclear Power Systems, Albuquerque, NM, pp. 329-332

* Gilreath, H. E., Fristrom, R. M., and Molder, S. (1988), “The Distributed-Injection Ballistic Launcher,” Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest, 9, 299-309

* Forward, R. L. (1988), Future Magic: How Today’s Science Fiction Will Become Tomorrow’s Reality, Avon Books, New York

* Chapline, G. (1988), “Fission Fragment rocket concept,” Nucl. Instr. and Meth., A271, 207-208

*Bull, G. V. and Murphy, C. H. (1988), Paris Kanonen – The Paris Guns (Wilhelmsgeschuetze) and Project HARP, Verlag Mittler, Bonn, Germany

* Borowski, S. K. (1988), “Nuclear Propulsion – A Vital Technology for the Exploration of Mars and the Planets Beyond,” in Proc., Minicourse on Fusion Applications in Space, American Nuclear Society Topical Meeting on Fusion Technology, Salt Lake City, UT, pp. 350-397

* Morris, M. and Thorne, K. (1988), “Wormholes in spacetime and their use for interstellar travel: A tool for teaching general relativity,” Am. J. Phys., 56, 395-412

* Miley, G. H. ed. (1988), Proc., Minicourse on Fusion Applications in Space, American Nuclear Society Topical Meeting on Fusion Technology, Salt Lake City, UT

* Lee, T. D. (1988), Particle Physics and Introduction to Field Theory, Harwood Academic Press, London

* Kaloupis, P. and Bruckner, A. P. (1988), “The Ram Accelerator: A Chemically Driven Mass Launcher,” AIAA-88-2968, AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE 24th Joint Propulsion Conference, Boston, MA

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1989

* Joseph Jones, Stealth Technology: The art of Black Magic, AERO, 1989, 150p. Edited by Matt Thurber.

* Wett, J. F., et al., “NERVA-Derivative Reactor Technology – A National Asset for Diverse Space Power Applications,” Space Power, 8, 1989, 115-124.

* Puthoff, H. E. (1989b), “Source of vacuum electromagnetic zero-point energy,” Physics Review A, 40, 4857

* Puthoff, H. E. (1989a), “Gravity as a zero-point fluctuation force,” Physics Review A, 39, 2333

* Myrabo, L. N., et. al. (1989), Lightcraft Technology Demonstrator, Final Technical Report, Contract No. 2073803 for Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and the SDIO Laser Propulsion Program

* Moss, R. A. (1989), “Use of a Superconductor Cable to Levitate an Earth Tethered Platform,” J. Astronautical Sci., 37, 465-475

* Hunter, J. W. and Hyde, R. A. (1989), “A Light Gas Gun System for Launching Building Material into Low Earth Orbit,” AIAA Paper 89-2439

* Herrmann, F. (1989), “Energy Density and Stress: A New Approach to Teaching Electromagnetism”, Am. J. Phys., 57, 707-714

* Fair, H. D., et al. (1989), “Electromagnetic Earth-to-Space Launch,” IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, 25, 9-16

* Bussard, R. W. (1989), “Method and Apparatus For Controlling Charged Particles,” U.S. Patent No. 4,826,626

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1990

* S. Wright, “Foil Reactor – Fission Fragment Assisted Reactor Concept for Space Propulsion,” in NASA Nuclear Propulsion Workshop, NASA-Lewis Research Center, Cleveland OH, 1990.

* Zaghloul, H. and 0. Barajas, Force-ftee Magnetic Fieds, Am. J. Phys. 58, 783-788 (1990).

* El-Genk, M., et al. (1990), “Pellet Bed Reactor for Nuclear Propelled Vehicles,” in NASA Nuclear Propulsion Workshop, NASA-Lewis Research Center, Cleveland OH

* Dearien, J. (1990), “Report to the Nuclear Propulsion Steering Committee by the Reactor and Propulsion Panels, 18 September 1990,” in NEP/NTP Workshop Feedback Meeting, Houston, TX

* Chi, J., et al. (1990), “NERVA Derivative Reactors and Space Electric Propulsion Systems,” in Proc. of the 7th Symposium on Space Nuclear Power Systems, Albuquerque, NM, pp. 208-213

* Bussard, R. W. (1990), “Fusion as Electric Propulsion,” J. Propul., 6, 567

* Borowski, S. K. (1990), “Nuclear Thermal Rocket Baseline Design – Rover/NERVA,” in NASA Nuclear Propulsion Workshop, NASA-Lewis Research Center, Cleveland OH

* Kare, J. T. (1990a), “Ground To Orbit Laser Propulsion Q Advanced Applications,” in Vision-21: Space Travel for the Next Millennium, ed. G. Landis, NASA Conference Publication 10059 (Also UCRL JC104215, LLNL, 1990)

* Kare, J. T. (1990b), “Laser Supported Detonation Waves and Pulsed Laser Propulsion,” in Current Topics in Shock Waves, 17th Int’l Symposium on Shock Waves and Shock Tubes, ed. Y. W. Kim, AIP Conference Proceedings 208, Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem, PA, AIP Press (Also UCRL 101677, LLNL, 1989)

* Kare, J. T. (1990c), “Pulsed Laser Propulsion for Low Cost, High Volume Launch to Orbit,” IAF Conference on Space Power, Cleveland, OH (see also Space Power J., 9, no. 1, 1990; UCRL-101139)

* Henderson, B. W. (1990), “Livermore Proposes Light Gas Gun for Launch of Small Payloads,” Aviation Week & Space Tech., 133, 78-79

* Gunn, S. V. (1990), “Design of Second-Generation Nuclear Thermal Rocket Engines,” AIAA-90-1954, AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE 26th Joint Propulsion Conference, Orlando, FL

* Glenn, L. A. (1990), “Design Limitations on Ultra-High Velocity Projectile Launchers,” Int’l J. Impact Engr., 10, 185-196

* Forward, R. L. (1990), “The Cable Catapult,” AIAA-90-2108, AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE 26th Joint Propulsion Conference

* Farbman, G. H., et al. (1990), “The ENABLER (Based on Proven NERVA Technology),” in NASA Nuclear Propulsion Workshop, NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland OH

* Puthoff, H. E. (1990), “The Energetic Vacuum: Implications for Energy Research,” Spec. in Sci. & Technology, 13, 247

* Miller, T. (1990), “Nuclear Propulsion Project Overview,” in NEP/NTP Workshop Feedback Meeting, Houston, TX

* Ludewig, H. (1990), “Particle Bed Reactor,” in NASA Nuclear Propulsion Workshop, NASA-Lewis Research Center, Cleveland OH.

-------------------------

1991

* Horman, F. J., et al. (1991), “Particle Fuels Technology for Nuclear Thermal Propulsion,” AIAA-91-3457, AIAA/NASA/OAI Conference on Advanced SEI Technologies, Cleveland, Ohio

* Bussard, R. W. (1991), “Some Physics Considerations of Magnetic Inertial-Confinement: a New Concept for Spherical Converging-Flow Fusion,” Fusion Technology, 19, 271-293

* Borowski, S. K. (1991), “The Rationale/Benefits of Nuclear Thermal Rocket Propulsion for NASA’s Lunar Space Transportation System,” AIAA-91-2052, AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE 27th Joint Propulsion Conference, Sacramento, CA

* Bennett, G. and Miller, T. (1991), “The NASA Program Plan for Nuclear Propulsion,” in Proc. of the 8th Symposium on Space Nuclear Power Systems, Albuquerque, NM

* Lawrence, R. J., et al. (1991), “System Requirements for Low-Earth-Orbit Launch Using Laser Propulsion,” in Proc. of the 6th Int’l Conference on Emerging Nuclear Energy Systems (Also SAND 91-1687C, Sandia National Laboratory, 1991)

* Palmer, M. R. and Lenard, R. X. (1991), “A Revolution in Access to Space through Spinoffs of SDI Technology,” IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, 27, 11-20

------------------------

1992

* Jack Nachamkin, Force - Free Time - Harmonic - Plasmoids, University of Dayton Research Institute / Phillips Laboratory, Propulsion Directorate, Air Force Material Command, Edwards Air Force Base, California, 1992, 102p.

* Bussard, R. W. (1992), “Method and Apparatus For Creating and Controlling Nuclear Fusion Reactions,” U.S. Patent No. 5,160,695

* Bogdanoff, D. W. (1992), “Ram Accelerator Direct Space Launch System – New Concepts,” J. Propul. and Power, 8, 481-490

* Bisconti, A. S. and Livingston, R. L. (1992), Communicating with the Public About Radiation: An Assessment of Public Attitudes About Radiation, and Their Implications for Communication and Education Programs, U.S. Council for Energy Awareness

* Birkan, M. A. (1992), “Laser Propulsion: Research Status and Needs,” J. Propul. and Power, 8, 354-360

* Benford, J. and Swegle, J. (1992), High Power Microwaves, Artech House, Boston, M.

* Nadler, J. H., et al. (1992), “Characterization of an Inertial-Electrostatic Confinement Glow Discharge (IECGD) Neutron Generator,” Fusion Technology, 21, 1639-1643

* Lieberman, R. J. (1992), Audit Report On The Timber Wind Special Access Program, Report No. 93-033, Project No. 2AD-0009, Office of the Inspector General, Dept. of Defense, Arlington, VA

* Krall, N. A. (1992), “The POLYWELLtm: A Spherically-Convergent Ion Focus Concept,” Fusion Technology, 22, 40-42

* Kare, J. T. (1992a), Laser-Powered Heat Exchanger Rocket for Ground-to-Orbit Launch, UCRL-JC-110910 (LLNL 1992)

* Kare, J. T. (1992b), “Development of Laser-Driven Heat Exchanger Rocket for Groundto-Orbit Launch,” IAF-92-0614, World Space Congress (Also UCRL-JC-111507, LLNL 1992)

* Forward, R. L. (1992a), “Failsafe Multistrand Tether Structures for Space Propulsion,” AIAA-92-3214, AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE 28th Joint Propulsion Conference, Nashville, TN

* Forward, R. L., et al. (1992b), “The Cable Catapult: putting it there and keeping it there,” AIAA-92-3077, AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE 28th Joint Propulsion Conference, Nashville, TN

* Cinnamon, J. D. (1992), Nuclear Thermal Rocket Propulsion: Design Issues and Concepts, Texas Space Grant Consortium, University of Texas at Austin.

------------------------

1993

* Bussard, R. W. and Jameson, L. W. (1993), “The QED Engine Spectrum: Fusion-Electric Propulsion for Air-Breathing to Interstellar Flight,” AIAA-93-2006, AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE 29th Joint Propulsion Conference, Monterey, CA

* Bussard, R. W., Jameson, L. W., and Froning, H. D. (1993), “The QED Engine: Fusion-Electric Propulsion for CIS-Oort/Quasi-Interstellar (QIS) Flight,” in Proc. of the 44th IAF Congress, 7thInterstellar Space Exploration Symposium, IAA-93-708, Graz, Austria

* Bussard, R. W. (1993), “The QED Engine System: Direct-Electric Fusion-Powered Rocket Propulsion Systems,” in Proc. of the 10th Symposium on Space Nuclear Power and Propulsion, AIP Conference Proc. 271, Vol. 3, eds. M. S. El-Genk and M. D. Hoover, AIP Press, New York, pp. 1601-1611

* Bertolini, L. R., et al. (1993), “SHARP, A First Step Towards a Full Sized Jules Verne Launcher,” in Space Manufacturing 9, Proc. of the 11th SSI-Princeton Conference, pp. 79-86

* Barnes, D. C. and Nebel, R. A. (1993), Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Experiments at Low Working Pressure, NTTR101, NambeTech, Inc., Santa Fe, NM.

* Puthoff, H. E. (1993a), “On the Feasibility of Converting Vacuum Electromagnetic Energy to Useful Form,” Int'l Workshop on the Zeropoint Electromagnetic Field, Cuernavaca, Mexico

* Puthoff, H. E. (1993b), “Reply to ‘Comment on Gravity as a zero-point fluctuation force,’” Phys. Rev. A, 47, 3454

* Miley, G. H., et al. (1993), “Inertial Electrostatic Confinement as a Power Source for Electric Propulsion,” in Vision-21 Conference Proc., NASA Conf. Publ. 10129, pp. 185-197

* Lipinski, R. J., et al. (1993), “Space Applications for Contactless Coilguns,” IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, 29, 691-695

* Froning, H. D. and Bussard, R. W. (1993), “Fusion-Electric Propulsion Technology for Hypersonic Flight,” in Proc. of the 44th IAF Congress, IAF-93-5.3.473, Graz, Austria

* Cole, D. C. and Puthoff, H. E. (1993), “Extracting Energy and Heat from the Vacuum,” Phys. Rev. E, 48, 1562-156.

------------------------

1994

* Miguel Alcubierre, The warp-drive: hyper-fast travel within general relativity, Classical and Quantum Gravity, 11(5), 1994, 11p; arXiv, 5 September 2000. Abstract: It is shown how, within the framework of general relativity and without the introduction of wormholes, it is possible to modify a spacetime in a way that allows a spaceship to travel with an arbitrarily large speed. By a purely local expansion of spacetime behind the spaceship and an opposite contraction in front of it, motion faster than the speed of light as seen by observers outside the disturbed region is possible. The resulting distortion is reminiscent of the "warp drive'' of science fiction. However, just as it happens with wormholes, exotic matter will be needed in order to generate a distortion of spacetime like the one discussed here.

* Miley, G. H., et al. (1994), “An Inertial-Electrostatic Confinement Neutron-Proton Source,” in Proc. of the 3rd Int’l Conference on Dense Z-Pinches, AIP Conference Proc. 299, eds. M. Haines and A. Knight, AIP Press, New York, pp. 675-689

Vesco, Renato & David Hatcher Childress, Man-Made UFOs 1944 - 1994: 50 Years of Suppression, AUP Publishers Network, Stelle, Illinois, 1994.

* Huba, J. D. (1994), NRL Plasma Formulary, NRL/PU/6790-94-265, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington DC, p. 44

* Haisch, B., Rueda, A., and Puthoff, H. E. (1994), “Inertia as a zero-point field Lorentz Force,” Phys. Rev. A, 49, 678

* Frisbee, R., et al. (1994), “Evaluation of Gun Launch Concepts,” AIAA-94-2925, AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE 30th Joint Propulsion Conference, Indianapolis, IN

* Bussard, R. W. and Jameson, L. W. (1994), “Design Considerations for Clean QED Fusion Propulsion Systems,” in Proc. of the 11th Symposium on Space Nuclear Power and Propulsion, AIP Conference Proc. 301, Vol. 3, eds. M. S. El-Genk and M. D. Hoover, AIP Press, New York, pp. 1289-1296

* Borowski, S. K., et al. (1994), “A Revolutionary Lunar Space Transportation System Architecture Using Extraterrestrial LOX-Augmented NTR Propulsion,” AIAA-94-3343, AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE 30th Joint Propulsion Conference, Indianapolis, IN

* Myrabo, L. N. and Benford, J. (1994), “Propulsion of Small Launch Vehicles using High Power Millimeter Waves,” SPIE Paper 2154-23, in Proc. of the OE/LASE ’94 Conference, Los Angeles, CA

* Milonni, P. W. (1994), The Quantum Vacuum: An Introduction to Quantum Electronics, Academic Press, NY.

------------------------

1995

* Claudio Maccone, Interstellar travel through magnetic wormholes, Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, 48, 1995, 453-456.

* Welch, C. S. and Jack, C., “A Kinetic Tether System for Launching Payloads,” in Proc. of the 46th Int’l Astronautical Congress, 1995, IAF-95-V.4.06 88

* Borowski, S. K., Culver, D. W., and Bulman, M. J. (1995), “Human Exploration and Settlement of the Moon Using LUNOX-Augmented NTR Propulsion,” in Proc. of the 12th Symposium on Space Nuclear Power and Propulsion, AIP Conference Proc. 324, Vol. 1, eds. M. S. El-Genk and M. D. Hoover, AIP Press, New York, pp.409-420 72

* Bresie, D. A., et al. (1995), “SPEAR Coilgun,” IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, 31, 467-472

* Bogdanoff, D. W. and Miller, R. J. (1995), “Improving the Performance of Two-Stage Gas Guns by Adding a Diaphragm in the Pump Tube,” Int’l J. Impact Engr., 17, 81-92

* Bennett, G. L., Forward, R. L. and Frisbee, R. H. (1995a), “Report on the NASA/JPL Workshop on Advanced Quantum/Relativity Theory Propulsion,” AIAA-95-2599, 31st AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, San Diego, CA

* Bennett, G. L., Forward, R. L. and Frisbee, R. H. (1995b), “Possible Applications of Advanced Quantum/Relativity Theory Propulsion to Interstellar Exploration: Report of a NASA/JPL Workshop,” IAA-95-IAA.4.1.07, 46th Int’l Astronautical Congress, Oslo, Norway.

*. Miley, G. H., et al. (1995), “Innovative Technology for an Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Fusion Propulsion Unit,” in Fusion Energy in Space Propulsion, Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, Vol. 167, ed. T. Kammash, AIAA Press, Washington DC, pp. 161-177

* Latorre, J. I., Pascual, P. and Tarrach, R. (1995), “Speed of light in non-trivial vacua,” Nucl. Phys. B, 437, 60-82

* Landis, G. A. and Cafarelli, C. (1995), “The Tsiolkovski Tower Reexamined,” IAF-95-V.4.07, 46th Int’l Astronautical Congress, Oslo, Norway

* Kryukov, P. V. (1995), “BALSAD-Ballistic System for Antiasteroid Defense,” in Proc. of the 2nd Int’l Workshop on Ram Accelerators,” Seattle, WA

* IEEE (1995): The January 1995 issue of IEEE Trans. on Magnetics is devoted to Railguns

* Frisina, W. (1995), “Linear Turbine Spacecraft for Large-Scale Space Development,” Acta Astronautica, 35, 43-46

* Bussard, R. W. and Jameson, L. W. (1995), “From SSTO to Saturn’s Moons: Superperformance Fusion Propulsion for Practical Spaceflight,” in Fusion Energy in Space Propulsion, Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, Vol. 167, ed. T. Kammash, AIAA Press, Washington DC, pp. 143-159

* Carrier, G., Fendell, F., and Wu, F. (1995), “Projectile Acceleration in a Solid-Propellant-Lined Tube,” Combustion Sci. and Tech., 104, 1-1.

------------------------

1996

* Mead, F. B. and Nachamkin, J. (1996), “System for Converting Electromagnetic Radiation Energy to Electrical Energy,” United States Patent No. 5,590,031

* Forward, R. L. (1996), Mass Modification Experiment Definition Study, PL-TR-96-3004, Phillips Laboratory-Propulsion Directorate, Air Force Materiel Command, Edwards AFB, CA

* Evans, J., Nandi, K. and Islam, A. (1996a), “The Optical-Mechanical Analogy in General Relativity: New Methods for the Paths of Light and of the Planets,” Am. J. Phys., 64, 1401-1415

* Evans, J., Nandi, K. and Islam, A. (1996b), “The Optical-Mechanical Analogy in General Relativity: Exact Newtonian Forms for the Equations of Motion of Particles and Photons,” Gen. Rel. Grav., 28, 413-439

* Cook, S. (1996), “The X-33 Advanced Technology Demonstrator,” AIAA-96-1195, AIAA Dynamics Specialists Conference, Salt Lake City, UT

* Bogdanoff, D. W. and Higgins, A. J. (1996), “Hydrogen Core Techniques for the Ram Accelerator,” AIAA-96-0668, AIAA 34th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV.

------------------------

1997

* Morgan, J. A. (1997), “A Brief History of Cannon Launch,” AIAA-97-3138, AIAA / ASME / SAE / ASEE 33rd Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, Seattle, WA.

* Lamoreaux, S. K. (1997), “Measurement of the Casimir Force Between Conducting Plates,” Phys. Rev. Letters, 78, 5-8.

*S Higgins, A. J. (1997), “A Comparison of Distributed Injection Hypervelocity Accelerators,” AIAA-97-2897, AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE 33rd Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, Seattle, WA.

* Froning, H. D. (1997), “Roadmap” for QED Fusion Engine Research and Development, Final Report for NASA PO No. H280270, NASA-MSFC, Huntsville, AL.

* Cosmo, M. L. and Lorenzini, E. C. eds. (1997), NASA Tethers In Space Handbook – Third Edition, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, NASA-MSFC Grant NAG8-1160, Huntsville, AL.

* Bussard, R. W. (1997), “System Technical and Economic Features of QED-Engine-Driven Space Transportation,” AIAA-97-3071, AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE 33rd Joint Propulsion Conference, Seattle, WA.

* Baumgartner, R. I. (1997), “VentureStar Single Stage To Orbit Reusable Launch Vehicle Program Overview,” in Proc. of the STAIF 2nd Conference on Next Generation Launch Systems, AIP Conference Proceedings 387, ed. M. S. El-Genk, AIP Press, pp. 1033-1039.

-------------------------

1998

* Eric W. Davis, Interstellar Travel by Means of Wormhole Induction Propulsion (WHIP), AIP Conference Proceedings, 4209(1), 15 January 1998. Abstract: Space flight by means of wormholes is described whereby the traditional rocket propulsion approach can be abandoned in favor of a new paradigm involving the manipulation of spacetime. Maccone (1995) extended Levi-Civita’s 1917 magnetic gravity solution to the Morris and Thorne (1988) wormhole solution and claimed that static homogeneous magnetic/electric fields can create spacetime curvature manifesting itself as a traversable wormhole. Furthermore, Maccone showed that the speed of light through this curvature region is slowed by the magnetic (or electric) induced gravitational field there. Maccone’s analysis immediately suggests a way to perform laboratory experiments whereby one could apply a powerful static homogeneous magnetic field in a vacuum, thereby creating spacetime curvature, and measure the speed of a light beam through it. Magnetic fields employed in this scenario must achieve magnitudes in order of > 10 to the 10th Tesla for measurable effects to appear. Current magnetic induction technology is limited to static fields of ~ several x 10 to the 3rd Tesla. However, destructive chemical (implosive/explosive) magnetic field generation technology has reached peak rate-of-rise field strengths of > 10 to the 10th Teslas. It is proposed that this technology be exploited to take advantage of the high rate-of-rise field strengths to create and measure spacetime curvature in the lab.

* Watrus, J. J., et al., Evaluation of a Fusion-Driven Earth-to-Orbit Thruster, NASA-MSFC Contract No. NAS 8-98106, Numerex Report 98-02, 1998, Huntsville, AL.

* Edgar Fouche, Alien Rapture, International UFO Conference, 1998, Jeff Webber, YouTube, 20 October 2012, duration: 111.30 minutes. Revelations regarding the TR-3B anti-gravity and warp drive spacecraft.

* Froning, H. D. and Bussard, R. W. (1998), “Aneutronic Fusion Propulsion for Earth-ToOrbit and Beyond,” in Proc. of the 15th Symposium on Space Nuclear Power and Propulsion, AIP Conference Proc. 420, Vol. 3, ed. M. S. El-Genk, AIP Press, New York, pp. 1289-1294.

* Forward, R. L. (1998), “Apparent Method for Extraction of Propulsion Energy from the Vacuum,” AIAA-98-3140, 34th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, Cleveland, OH.

* Davis, E. W. (1998), “Interstellar Travel by Means of Wormhole Induction Propulsion (WHIP),” in Proc. of the 15th Symposium on Space Nuclear Power and Propulsion, AIP Conference Proceedings 420, ed. M. S. El-Genk, AIP Press, pp. 1502-1508.

* Bussard, R. W. and Froning, H. D. (1998), “System/Subsystem Engineering Interface Considerations and R&D Requirements for IEF/QED Engine Systems,” in Proc. of the 15th Symposium on Space Nuclear Power and Propulsion, AIP Conference Proc. 420, Vol. 3, ed. M. S. El-Genk, AIP Press, New York, pp. 1344-1351.

* Bangham, M., Lorenzini, E., and Vestal, L. (1998), Tether Transport System Study, NASA TP-1998-206959.

* Baumgartner, R. I. (1998), “VentureStar – A Revolutionary Space Transportation Launch System,” in Proc. of the STAIF 3rd Conference on Next Generation Launch Systems, AIP Conference Proceedings 420, ed. M. S. El-Genk, AIP Press, pp. 867-874.

* Myrabo, L. N., Messitt, D. G., and Mead, F. B. (1998), “Ground and Flight Tests of a Laser Propelled Vehicle,” AIAA-98-1001, AIAA 36th Aerospace Sciences Meeting & Exhibit, Reno, NV.

* Mead, F. B., Myrabo, L. N., and Messitt, D. G. (1998), “Flight and Ground Tests of a Laser-Boosted Vehicle,” AIAA-98-3735, AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE 34th Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, Cleveland, OH.

* Krasnikov, S. V. (1998), “Hyperfast Interstellar Travel in General Relativity,” Phys. Rev. D, 57, 4760-4766.

------------------------

1999

* Puthoff, H. E. (1999), “Polarizable-vacuum (PV) representation of general relativity,” http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/990903.

* Davis, E. W. (1999), “Wormhole Induction Propulsion (WHIP),” in NASA Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Workshop Proceedings, NASA CP-1999-208694, pp. 157-163.

-------------------------

2000

* Hoyt, R. P. (2000a), “Tether Systems for Satellite Deployment and Disposal,” IAF-00-S.6.04, 51st International Astronautical Congress, Rio de Janiero, Brazil.

* Hoyt, R. P. (2000b), “Commercial Development of a Tether Transport System,” AIAA-2000-3842, AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE 36th Joint Propulsion Conference.

* Messitt, D. G., Myrabo, L. N., and Mead, F. B. (2000), “Laser Initiated Blast Wave for Launch Vehicle Propulsion,” AIAA-2000-3848, AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE 36th Joint Propulsion Conference, Huntsville, AL.

* Ronen, Y., et al. (2000a), “Ultra-thin 242mAm fuel element in nuclear reactors,” Nucl. Instr. and Meth., A455, 442-451.

* Ronen, Y., et al. (2000b), “A novel method for energy production using 242mAm as nuclear fuel,” Nucl. Tech., 19, 407.

* Wang, T.-S., et al. (2000), “Performance Modeling of an Experimental Laser Propelled Lightcraft,” AIAA-2000-2347, 31st AIAA Plasmadynamics and Lasers Conference, Denver, CO.

* Nadler, J. H., et al. (2000), “Inertial-Electrostatic Confinement (IEC) Reactor for Space Propulsion and Power,” AIAA-2000-3608, AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE 36th Joint Propulsion Conference, Huntsville, AL.

* Lorenzini, E. C., et al. (2000), “Mission Analysis of Spinning Systems for Transfers from Low Orbits to Geostationary,” J. Spacecraft and Rockets, 37, 165-172.

* Edwards, B. C. (2000a), The Space Elevator, NASA Inst. for Advanced Concepts, http://www.niac.usra.edu/studies.

* Edwards, B. C. (2000b), “Design and Deployment of a Space Elevator,” Acta Astronautica, 47, 735.

-------------------------

2001

* P. K. Anastasovski, Thomas Bearden, C. Clubotariu, Anti-Gravity Effects in the Sachs Theory of Electrodynamics, Foundations of Physics Letters, 14(6), December 2001, 601-605. Abstract: It is demonstrated to a first approximation that anti-gravity effects can occur in the most general theory of electromagnetism, developed by Sachs [1] from the irreducible representations of the Einstein group.

* Thomas Bearden, Extracting and Using Electromagnetic Energy from the Active Vacuum, in Myron W. Evans (editor), Advances in Chemical Physics, 119, January 2001, 639-698. Abstract: In this chapter the author presents new concepts that provide usable extraction of electromagnetic energy from the vacuum, and appear to be present but previously unrecognized in all electrical power systems. He argues that generators and batteries do not use their available internal energy to power their external circuits, but dissipate it to separate their internal charges to produce source dipoles as negative resistors. [NB: A detailed discussion of this landmark paper, plus Bearden's comments on this topic, are included in the following 2024 YouTube video by Ashton Forbes]

Ashton Forbes, Extracting Energy from the Vacuum, YouTube, 27 July 2024, duration: 84.54 minutes.

* Wilson, D. E. and Tan, Z., “The Blast Wave Accelerator – Feasibility Study,” in Proc. of the 18th Symposium on Space Nuclear Power and Propulsion, AIP Conference Proc. 552, ed. M. S. El-Genk, AIP Press, New York, 2001, pp. 589-598.

* Knowlen, C. and Bruckner, A. P. (2001), “Direct Space Launch Using Ram Accelerator Technology,” in Proc. of the 18th Symposium on Space Nuclear Power and Propulsion, AIP Conference Proc. 552, ed. M. S. El-Genk, AIP Press, New York, pp. 583-588.

* Inatani, Y. (2001), “Flight Demonstration And A Concept For Readiness Of Fully Reusable Rocket Vehicles,” in Proc. of the 9th Int’l Space Conference of Pacific-Basin Societies (ISCOPS), Pasadena, CA.

* Froning, H. D., et al. (2001), “Concept for a High Performance MHD Airbreathing – IEC Fusion Rocket,” in Proc. of the 18th Symposium on Space Nuclear Power and Propulsion, AIP Conference Proc. 552, ed. M. S. El-Genk, AIP Press, New York, pp. 963-968.

* Forward, R. L. (2001), Personal Communication, Salt Lake City, UT.

* Chan, H. B., et al. (2001), “Quantum Mechanical Actuation of Microelectromechanical Systems by the Casimir Force,” Science, 291, 1941-1944

* Mottinger, T. A. and Marshall, L. S. (2001), “The Bridge to Space Launch System,” in Proc. of the 18th Symposium on Space Nuclear Power and Propulsion, AIP Conference Proc. 552, ed. M. S. El-Genk, AIP Press, New York, pp. 514-518.

* Myrabo, L. N. (2001), “World Record Flights of Beam-Riding Rocket Lightcraft: Demonstration of ‘Disruptive’ Propulsion Technology,” AIAA-2001-3798, AIAA / ASME / SAE / ASEE 37th Joint Propulsion Conference, Salt Lake City, UT.

* March, P. (2001), “LANTR VTOL-SSTO Reusable Heavy Cargo Lifter Launch Vehicle,” Briefing to the Advanced Deep Space Transport Group-Propulsion and Power Subgroup, and Private Communications, Lockheed-Martin Co., Houston, TX

* Mead, F. B. and Larson, C. W. (2001), “Laser Powered, Vertical Flight Experiments at the High Energy Laser System Test Facility,” AIAA-2001-3661, AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE 37th Joint Propulsion Conference, Salt Lake City, UT.

------------------------

2002

* P. K. Anastasovski, Thomas Bearden, C. Clubotariu, et al., Aharonov-Bohm effect as the basis of electromagnetic energy inherent in the vacuum, Foundations of Physics Letters, 15(6), January 2002, 561-568. Abstract: The Aharonov-Bohm effect shows that the vacuum is structured, and that there can exist a finite vector potential A in the vacuum when the electric field strength E and magnetic flux density B are zero. It is shown on this basis that gauge theory produces energy inherent in the vacuum. The latter is considered as the internal space of the gauge theory, containing a field made up of components of A, to which a local gauge transformation is applied to produce the electromagnetic field tensor, a vacuum charge/current density, and a topological charge g. Local gauge transformation is the result of special relativity and introduces spacetime curvature, which gives rise to an electromagnetic field whose source is a vacuum charge current density made up of A and g. The field carries energy to a device which can in principle extract energy from the vacuum. The development is given for U(1) and O(3) invariant gauge theory applied to electrodynamics.

* Nickisch, L. J. and Mollere, J. (2002), “Connectivity and the Origin of Inertia,” http://www.arxiv.org/PS_cache/physics/pdf/0205/0205086.pdf

* Puthoff, H. E. (2002a), “Polarizable-Vacuum (PV) Approach to General Relativity”, Found. Phys., 32, 927-943.

* Puthoff, H. E. (2002b), “Polarizable-Vacuum Approach to General Relativity”, in Gravitation and Cosmology: From the Hubble Radius to the Planck Scale, eds. R. L. Amoroso, G. Hunter, M. Kafatos, and J.-P. Vigier, Kluwer Academic Publ., Dordrecht, the Netherlands, pp. 431-446

* Puthoff, H. E., Little, S. R. and Ibison, M. (2002), “Engineering the Zero-Point Field and Polarizable Vacuum for Interstellar Flight,” J. British Interplanetary Soc., 55, 137-144.

* Larson, C. W., Mead, F. B., and Kalliomaa, W. M. (2002), “Energy conversion in laser propulsion III,” in Proc. of the 1st Int’l Symposium on Beamed Energy Propulsion, Huntsville, AL, AIP Press.

* Mead, F. B., Larson, C. W., and Kalliomaa, W. M. (2002), “A Status Report of the X-50LR Program – A Laser Propulsion Program,” AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE 38th Joint Propulsion Conference, Indianapolis, IN.

* Hrbud, I. (2002), “Nuclear and future flight propulsion,” Aerospace America, no. 12, 66.

------------------------

2003

* David Hatcher Childress, The Anti-Gravity Handbook, Adventures Unlimited Press, 2003, 256p. Abstract: Revised, expanded new edition of the weird science classic-a compilation of material on Anti-Gravity, Free Energy, Flying Saucer Propulsion, UFOs, Suppressed Technology, NASA Cover-ups and more. Includes: - Photos of Area 51 in Nevada - How to build a flying saucer - Arthur C. Clarke on anti-gravity - Crystals and their role in levitation - Secret government research and development - Nikola Tesla on how anti-gravity airships could draw power from the atmosphere - Bruce Cathie's Anti-Gravity Equation - NASA, the Moon and Anti-Gravity - The mysterious technology used by the ancient Hindus of the Rama Empire - The Rand Corporation's 1956 study on Gravity Control - T. Townsend Brown's electro-gravity experiments - How equations exist for electro-gravity and magneto-gravity - Schematics, photos and illustrations with patents, technical illustrations, photos, & cartoons.

* Nick Cook, The Hunt for Zero Point: Inside the Classified World of Antigravity Technology, Broadway Books, 2003, 320p. Abstract: This riveting work of investigative reporting and history exposes classified government projects to build gravity-defying aircraft--which have an uncanny resemblance to flying saucers. The atomic bomb was not the only project to occupy government scientists in the 1940s. Antigravity technology, originally spearheaded by scientists in Nazi Germany, was another high priority, one that still may be in effect today. Now for the first time, a reporter with an unprecedented access to key sources in the intelligence and military communities reveals suppressed evidence that tells the story of a quest for a discovery that could prove as powerful as the A-bomb. The Hunt for Zero Point explores the scientific speculation that a "zero point" of gravity exists in the universe and can be replicated here on Earth. The pressure to be the first nation to harness gravity is immense, as it means having the ability to build military planes of unlimited speed and range, along with the most deadly weaponry the world has ever seen. The ideal shape for a gravity-defying vehicle happens to be a perfect disk, making antigravity tests a possible explanation for the numerous UFO sightings of the past 50 years. Chronicling the origins of antigravity research in the world's most advanced research facility, which was operated by the Third Reich during World War II, The Hunt for Zero Point traces U.S. involvement in the project, beginning with the recruitment of former Nazi scientists after the war. Drawn from interviews with those involved with the research and who visited labs in Europe and the United States, The Hunt for Zero Point journeys to the heart of the twentieth century's most puzzling unexplained phenomena.

* Harold Puthoff, Polarizable-Vacuum Approach to General Relativity, 2003. Abstract: Topics in general relativity (GR) are routinely treated in terms of tensor formulations in curved spacetime. An alternative approach is presented here, based on treating the vacuum as a polarizable medium. Beyond simply reproducing the standard weak-field predictions of GR, the polarizable vacuum (PV) approach provides additional insight into what is meant by a curved metric. For the strong field case, a divergence of predictions in the two formalisms (GR vs. PV) provides fertile ground for both laboratory and astrophysical tests.

*. Froning, H. D. (2003), Study to Determine the Effectiveness and Cost of a LaserPropelled “Lightcraft” Vehicle System, AFRL-PR-ED-TR-2003-0033, Special Report, AFRL, Air Force Materiel Command, Edwards AFB, CA.

* Froning, H. D., et al. (2003), “Study to Determine the Effectiveness and Cost of a Laser Powered ‘Lightcraft’ Vehicle System – Results to Guide Future Developments,” in Proc. of the 2nd Int’l Symposium on Beamed Energy Propulsion, AIP Press, Sendeai, Japan.

* ISNPS (2003), Short Course – “Space Nuclear Power and Propulsion Systems Technology: Enabling Future Planetary Exploration,” Lecture Notebook, Institute for Space and Nuclear Power Studies (ISNPS), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM

* Millis, M. G. (2003a), NASA Breakthrough Propulsion Physics (BPP) Project Public Information Site, http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/bpp/ [see also NASA Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Workshop Proceedings, NASA CP-1999-208694, 1999].

* Millis, M. G. (2003b), “NASA Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Project: Requiem or Revival?,” Oral Presentation, AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE 39th Joint Propulsion Conference Exhibit, Huntsville, AL.

* Millis, M. G. (2003c), “Findings of the NASA Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Project,” 14th Annual Advanced Space Propulsion Workshop, Huntsville, AL.

* Edwards, B. C. (2003), The Space Elevator: NIAC Phase II Final Report, http://www.spaceelevator.com/docs/521Edwards.pdf

* Edwards, B. C. and Westling, E. A. (2003), The Space Elevator: A revolutionary Earth to space transportation system, self-published, http://www.spaceelevator.com/docs/

* Allen, J. E. (2003), “Quest for a novel force: a possible revolution in aerospace,” Prog. In Aerospace Sci., 39, 1-60.

* Bekey, I. (2003), Advanced Space System Concepts and Technologies: 2010 – 2030+, The Aerospace Press, El Segundo, CA, and AIAA, Inc., Reston, VA 71.

------------------------

2004

* Energy from the Vacuum 01, Introduction Tom Bearden and John Bedini, 20 January 2024, YouTube, duration: 128.04 minutes. Filmed in 2004.

* Energy from the Vacuum 02, Introduction Tom Bearden abd John Bedini, 5 January 2024, YouTube, duration: 132.39 minutes. Filmed in 2004.

* Eric W. Davis, Teleportation Physics Study, Federation of American Scientists, August 2004, 88p. Abstract: This study was tasked with the purpose of collecting information describing the teleportation of material objects, providing a description of teleportation as it occurs in physics, its theoretical and experimental status, and a projection of potential applications. The study also consisted of a search for teleportation phenomena occurring naturally or under laboratory conditions that can be assembled into a model describing the conditions required to accomplish the transfer of objects. This included a review and documentation of quantum teleportation, its theoretical basis, technological development, and its potential applications. The characteristics of teleportation were defined and physical theories were evaluated in terms of their ability to completely describe the phenomena. Contemporary physics, as well as theories that presently challenge the current physics paradigm were investigated. The author identified and proposed two unique physics models for teleportation that are based on the manipulation of either the general relativistic spacetime metric or the spacetime vacuum electromagnetic (zero-point fluctuations) parameters. Naturally occurring anomalous teleportation phenomena that were previously studied by the United States and foreign governments were also documented in the study and are reviewed in the report. The author proposes an additional model for teleportation that is based on a combination of the experimental results from the previous government studies and advanced physics concepts. Numerous recommendations outlining proposals for further theoretical and experimental studies are given in the report. The report also includes an extensive teleportation bibliography. c.f. E.W. Davis, (2004), Teleportation Physics Study, Final Report AFRL-PR-ED-TR-2003-0034, Air Force Research Laboratory, Air Force Materiel Command, Edwards AFB, CA.

* NIDS Investigations of the Flying Triangle Enigma, National Institute of Discovery Science, Las Vegas, August 2004. Includes table of more than 700 sightings.

* Eric W. Davis, Advanced Propulsion Study, Air Force Research Laboratory, Air Force Material Command, Edwards Air Force Base, California; Warp Drive Metrics, Las Vegas, September 2004, 104p. Abstract: This study was tasked with the purpose of conducting a thorough literature and program search to carry out and document a technical assessment of the latest concepts in science and engineering that show promise of leading to a major advance in Earth-to-orbit (ETO) propulsion. The study also reviewed and evaluated a select number of credible far-term breakthrough propulsion physics concepts pertaining to R&D work done on or related to gravity/inertia modification, spacetime metric modification, and the extraction of energy from the space vacuum environment. The results of the study are presented and summarized in this report. A combined bibliography of advanced propulsion references was assembled and is presented. The report includes an overview of the recent history and present state-of-the-art of ETO launch vehicle and propulsion concepts. Also included is an outline and summary of the criteria and operative guidelines that the author used to examine, select and recommend advanced propulsion concepts. The author identified and selected five promising advanced propulsion concepts, and provides a detailed technical evaluation of their breakthrough potential for ETO propulsion. Discussed by Ashton Forbes in detail, 21 August 2024.

* Puthoff, H. E., Maccone, C., and Davis, E. W. (2004), “Levi-Civita Effect in the polarizable vacuum (PV) representation of general relativity,” submitted to Classical and Quantum Gravity.

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2005

* Robert M. L. Baker, Applications of High-Frequency Gravitational Waves (HFGWs), Proceedings of the Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF2005), American Institute of Physics, Melville, New York, Feb. 13-17, 2005. Abstract: Applications to space technology of High-Frequency Gravitational Waves, (HFGWs), defined as having frequencies in excess of 100 kHz, are discussed. The applications to be specifically addressed include: providing (1) multi-channel communications (both point to point and point to multipoint through all normal material things – the ultimate wireless system); (2) a remote means for causing perturbations to the motion of objects such as missiles (bullets to ICBMs), spacecraft, land or water vehicles or craft; (3) remote coalescing of clouds of hazardous vapors, radioactive dust, etc. by changing the gravitational field in their vicinity; (4) the potential for through-earth or through-water “X-rays” in order to observe subterranean structures, geological formations, create a transparent ocean, view three-dimensional building interiors, buried devices, etc.; and (5) the potential for remotely disrupting the gravitational field in a specific region of space. The utilization of a possible HFGW telescope as a navigational aid by viewing the anisotropic or patterned HFGW relic cosmic background above, on, or under the ground without reliance on GPS satellite signals is also noted. Many of the applications are discussed in the context of space technology and several approaches to the generation and possible focusing of HFGWs are referenced. A derivation of the “jerk” formulation of the quadrupole approximation for HFGW power is included in an appendix.

* William Zebuhr, Charge Clusters: The Work of Ken Shoulders, Infinite Energy, 61, May-June 2005. Deals with orbs.

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2006

* John St. Clair files a US patent for a Triangular Spacecraft which appears identical to the TR-3B. Applied in July 2006. This had no known official status.

* H. G. White and Eric W. Davis, The Alcubierre Warp Drive in Higher Dimensional Spacetime, 2006. Abstract. The canonical form of the Alcubierre warp drive metric is considered to gain insight into the mathematical mechanism triggering the effect. A parallel with the Chung-Freese spacetime metric is drawn to demonstrate that the spacetime expansion boost can be considered a 3 + 1 on-brane simplification for higher dimensional geometric effects. The implications for baryonic matter of higher dimensional spacetime, in conjunction with the Alcubierre metric, are used to illustrate an equation of state for dark energy. Finally, this combined model will then be used to outline a theoretical framework for negative pressure (an alternative to negative energy) and a conceptual lab experiment is described.

* Robert M. L. Baker, Ultra-High-Intensity Lasers for Gravitational Wave Generation and Detection, AIP Conference Proceedings, 83(1), 20 January 2006. Abstract: Ultra‐high‐intensity lasers are used to generate and detect short‐pulse or high‐frequency‐gravitational‐waves (HFGWs) in the laboratory. According to accepted definitions HFGWs have frequencies in excess of 100kHz (pulses less than 10μs duration) and may have the most promise for terrestrial generation and practical, scientific, and commercial application. Shanghai‐Institute‐of‐Optics‐and‐Fine‐Mechanics’ (SIOM) lasers are described whose action against targets emulates a double‐star system and generates a GW flux at a focus midway between two such GW‐generation lasers. The detector is a coupling‐system of semitransparent beam‐splitters and a narrow, 2.5‐millimeter‐radius, pulsed‐Gaussian‐laser‐detection beam passing through a static 15T magnetic field. It is sensitive to GW amplitudes of ∼10−32 and detects the 10−17 to ∼10−32‐amplitude GWs to be generated, with signal‐to‐noise ratios greater than one. The experimental approach, which involves new mechanisms (e.g., high‐intensity lasers causing ⩾1.5×105N‐impulsive force on laser targets), is quite different from previous work involving older technology. It is concluded that the GW‐generation and detection apparatus is now feasible and will result in a successful laboratory experiment to test theory and this paper will serve to attract ideas from various disciplines to improve the prospects for a successful experiment. As a space technology application, if the Ultra‐high‐intensity lasers were space borne and at lunar distance (e.g., at the Moon and the lunar L3 libration point) and the quadrupole formalism approximately holds for GW radiators (laser targets) many GW wavelengths apart, then the HFGW power would be about 2×103 W and the flux would be about 1013 to 1014 Wm−2 during each pulse at an infinitesimal focal spot between the laser targets. The focal spot could be located at any point on or below the surface of the Earth by adjusting the laser timing and laser target orientations.

* E. W. Davis and Harold Puthoff, Experimental Concepts for Generating Negative Energy in the Laboratory, 2006. Abstract: Abstract. Implementation of faster-than-light (FTL) interstellar travel via traversable wormholes, warp drives, or other spacetime modification schemes generally requires the engineering of spacetime into very specialized local geometries. The analysis of these via Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity (GTR) field equations plus the resultant equations of state demonstrate that such geometries require the use of “exotic” matter in order to induce the requisite FTL spacetime modification. Exotic matter is generally defined by GTR physics to be matter that possesses (renormalized) negative energy density, and this is a very misunderstood and misapplied term by the non-GTR community. We clear up this misconception by defining what negative energy is, where it can be found in nature, and we also review the experimental concepts that have been proposed to generate negative energy in the laboratory.

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2007

* Fangyu Li and Robert M. Baker, Detection of High Frequency Gravitational Waves by Superconductors, International Journal of Modern Physics B, Vol. 21, No. 18 n19, pp. 3274-3278, 2007. Abstract: We present a detecting scheme of high-frequency gravitational waves (HFGWs) which is based upon coupling between superconducting open cavity and electromagnetic fields stored in the cavity. Utilizing zero resistance and perfect diamagnetism of the superconductors, one can obtain very large quality factor and high sensitivity for the cavity to detect the HFGWs in GHz band. In addition, we review other possible superconducting systems for detection of the HFGWs, such as superconducting resonant-mass detector, toroidal wave guide, coupled superconducting spherical cavities and superconducting quantum antennas.

* Thomas F. Valone, Zero Point Energy: The Fuel of the Future, Integrity Research Institute, 2007, 236p. Abstract: Up until now the use of zero point energy (ZPE) for electricity generation was mere fantasy and science fiction. No one thought it possible for ZPE to offer a source of unlimited energy for homes, cars, and space travel. Some experts still say zero point energy can do nothing useful. The experimental evidence however, now incontrovertibly shows that ZPE is present in measurable quantities in coils and semiconductors. Furthermore, ZPE can be turned on and off, produce an attractive or repulsive force in one direction, besides moving electrons to create electricity flow in a circuit and rectified in semiconductor diodes. All of these discoveries have been made and published only in the past few years, which indicates that future energy trend is toward ZPE power. Zero point energy is the sea of energy that pervades all of space and every atom, often called the physical vacuum. Furthermore, it is estimated to exceed nuclear energy densities. But what is it really? It is the non-thermal, kinetic energy retained by the molecules of a substance at a temperature of absolute zero. Still most people maintain their doubt as to whether it can be found to be useful for human energy needs. This includes the US Department of Energy Ask a Scientist© official website. A fifteen-year old submitted a question, Would Zero-Point Energy be a better source of power than Antimatter? The answers include phrases like a lousy source of energy, no idea how to do this, I can t imagine how it could be practical, and no way to extract the zero point energy from a molecule in order to use it (Department of Energy). The evidence so far is in favor of a non-conservative ZPF, with arguments still raging on both sides. In addition, the capability of ZPF storage and retrieval has convincingly been presented by Dr. Robert Forward with his ZPE corkscrew charge device he called a vacuum-fluctuation battery. An article entitled, Energy Unlimited was published a few years ago when Professor Jordan Maclay from the University of Illinois received a NASA grant to try to extract ZPE from elongated, oscillating, tiny metal boxes. A physics journal article points out, Vacuum fluctuations remain a matter of debate, mainly because their energy is infinite. More strikingly, their energy per unit volume is infinite.

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2008

* Thomas Bearden, On Extracting Electromagnetic Energy from the Vacuum, 2008. Abstract: Generators and batteries do not furnish any of their internal energy to their external circuit, but only dissipate it internally to perform work on their own internal charges to form a source dipole. Once formed, the dipole's broken symmetry extracts observable energy from the virtual particle exchange between dipole charges and active vacuum. The extracted observable energy is reradiated as the energy flow through all space surrounding the external circuit. The tiny Poynting fraction intercepted by the surface charges enters the circuit to power it, while the huge non-intercepted Heaviside fraction misses the circuit and is wasted. So electrical loads are powered by energy extracted from the vacuum, not by chemical energy in the battery or shaft energy input to the generator. Any EM system may be asymmetrically regauged freely, changing the energy of the system by changing its potential. By placing the source dipole in a closed current loop with external loads and losses, half the free excitation energy then discharged by the circuit destroys the source dipole while half powers loads and losses. This applies Lorentz symmetrical regauging so that additional internal generator/battery energy must be made available to dissipate on the internal charges to reform the dipole. Such self-crippling EM power systems exhibit COP 1.0 EM systems are given, as are recognized examples of such processes. We also propose the ubiquitous unaccounted Heaviside energy as the "dark matter" gravitational energy long sought by astrophysicists.

* J. Gardiner, Warp Drive - From Imagination to Reality, Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, 61, 2008, 353-357. Abstract: The realisation of warp drive is far beyond current science and technology; nevertheless, setting out a timetable for the realisation of warp drive is instructive as this will set expectations for the progress of future research. It is proposed that a time scale for the realisation of warp drive can be estimated by historical analogy with the development of manned space travel to the Moon, using conventional project estimation techniques. A timeline for space travel to the Moon begins with Cyrano de Bergerac's Voyage dans la Lune in 1657 and culminates with the Apollo 11 Moon landing in 1969, a little over 300 years later. A similar timeline for warp drive begins with John W. Campbell's novel Islands of Space in 1930. Fictional conjecture on the warp drive has given way to serious scientific speculation following publication of Alcubierre's seminal warp drive paper in 1994. It is concluded that the realisation of warp drive might be achieved around the year 2180. A projected timetable for the realisation of warp drive through phases of conjecture , speculation , science , technology and application suggests that the warp drive proposal should enter the science phase around the year 2030.

* Dan Solomon, Dirac's hole theory and the Pauli principle: clearing up the confusion, arXiv / Advanced Studies in Theoretical Physics, 27 January 2008. Abstract: In Dirac's hole theory (HT) the vacuum state is generally believed to be the state of minimum energy due to the assumption that the Pauli Exclusion Principle prevents the decay of positive energy electrons into occupied negative energy states. However recently papers have appeared that claim to show that there exist states with less energy than that of the vacuum[4][5][6]. Here we will consider a simple model of HT consisting of zero mass electrons in 1-1D space-time. It will be shown that for this model there are states with less energy than the HT vacuum state and that the Pauli Principle is obeyed. Therefore the conjecture that the Pauli Principle prevents the existence of states with less energy than the vacuum state is not correct.

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2009

* AFFDL Tactical High Altitude Penetrator (THAP), Secret Projects - Unbuilt Projects, Military and Aerospace Technology [discussion forum], 21 June 2009.

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2010

.......

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2011

* Harold 'Sonny' White, Warp Field Mechanics 101, NASA Johnson Space Centre, 2011, 33p.

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2012

* Harold Puthoff, Advanced Space Propulsion Based on Vacuum (Spacetime Metric) Engineering, arXiv, 3 February 2012. Abstract: A theme that has come to the fore in advanced planning for long-range space exploration is the concept that empty space itself (the quantum vacuum, or spacetime metric) might be engineered so as to provide energy/thrust for future space vehicles. Although far-reaching, such a proposal is solidly grounded in modern physical theory, and therefore the possibility that matter/vacuum interactions might be engineered for space-flight applications is not a priori ruled out. As examples, the current development of theoretical physics addresses such topics as warp drives, traversable wormholes and time machines that provide for such vacuum engineering possibilities. We provide here from a broad perspective the physics and correlates/consequences of the engineering of the spacetime metric.

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2013

* Carter, Michael J.S., Pulling Energy from the Vacuum, YouTube, 25 December 2013, duration: 47.29 minutes.

------------------------

2014

* Andrew Johnson, Edgar Fouche - Disclosing Secret Technologies, CheckTheEvidence.com, 11 February 2014 [webpage]. Contains links to approximately 6 hours of interviews with Fouche, presented as follows:

Ed's Early Life, duration: 19.06 minutes.
Early Career
Top Secret Aircraft Systems
Trip to Area 51
1999s technology in use in 1979
Flying Triangle Sightings
Working in Area 51
Decision to Disclose
1998 Disclosure
Reprisals, Retirement and Return
Underground Facilities, DARC S4 and more
MJ 12 Documents - read through
Alien Rapture, Joe Green, etc.
Alien Rapture, Attachment D and more
Alien Rapture, Sumerians, NSA and more
MFD, Antigrav Technology, Quasi Crystals
Final Part

* David A. Brady, Harold G. White, Paul March, James T. Lawrence and Frank J. Davies, Anomalous Thrust Production from an RF Test Device Measured on a Low-Thrust Torsion Pendulum, 2014. Abstract: This paper describes the test campaigns designed to investigate and demonstrate viability of using classical magneto-plasma dynamics to obtain a propulsive momentum transfer via the quantum vacuum virtual plasma. This paper will not address the physics of the quantum vacuum plasma thruster (QVPT), but instead will describe the recent test campaign. In addition, it contains a brief description of the supporting radio frequency (RF) field analysis, lessons learned, and potential applications of the technology to space exploration missions. During the first (Cannae) portion of the campaign, approximately 40 micronewtons of thrust were observed in an RF resonant cavity test article excited at approximately 935 megahertz and 28 watts. During the subsequent (tapered cavity) portion of the campaign, approximately 91 micronewtons of thrust were observed in an RF resonant cavity test article excited at approximately 1933 megahertz and 17 watts. Testing was performed on a low-thrust torsion pendulum that is capable of detecting force at a single-digit micronewton level. Test campaign results indicate that the RF resonant cavity thruster design, which is unique as an electric propulsion device, is producing a force that is not attributable to any classical electromagnetic phenomenon and therefore is potentially demonstrating an interaction with the quantum vacuum virtual plasma.

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2015

* Robert M. L. Baker, The Generation of Gravitational Waves by Lasers, Conference: STAIF IIAt, Albuquerque, New Mexico, July 2015. Abstract: Gravitational waves or GWs can be generated by a pair of masses acted upon by equal and opposite force changes or sudden movements or " jerks ". Such equal and opposite force changes can be similar to the equal and opposite centrifugal-force changes occasioned during orbiting of a nearly equal-mass neutron-star pair, as in the case of the Hulse and Taylor Nobel-Prize winning observations of PSR1913+16 or spinning barbells as Einstein considered in his development of the quadrupole GW-generation equation or, in our case, occasioned by the equal and opposite force changes of a pair of laser targets caused by laser pulses striking them. By splitting a laser pulse into two oppositely directed pulses and reflecting each of these pulses at right angles; their targets are subjected to two oppositely directed force pulses. The resulting gravitational wave is of a high frequency associated with the laser pulse length. As an example, a 33.9 fs laser is considered. Each laser pulse is separated by a time interval from the next laser pulse. On the other hand, each pulse could be thought of as an isolated member of a train of pulses having impulse lengths of 33.9 fs. Therefore the frequency of this pseudo wave and of the resulting high-frequency gravitational wave or HFGW is 1/33.9 fs or 2.95×10 13 Hz. The amplitude of the resulting HFGW is extremely small. It can be increased by utilizing a more intense laser than the one given as an example (the 2.3 terawatt Shanghais Institute of Optics and Mechanics or SIOM laser) or by increasing the distance from the laser beam splitter to the target masses. The amplitude of the generated HFGW is also larger nearer the focus of the HFGW radiation pattern. Nevertheless, the very small HFGW amplitudes are calculated to be on the order of 10-49 to 10-53 m/m.

* Thomas F. Valone, Review of Electrogravitics and Electrokinetics Propulsion, International Journal of Geosciences, 2015, 6, 413-428. Abstract: Electrogravitics and electrokinetics can be traced to T. Townsend Brown’s first article “How I Control Gravity” (Science and Invention, 1929) with the unexplained alignment of the “molecular gravitors”. Brown reported that the dielectrics had high propulsive force when the “differently charged elements” were aligned with the voltage source. Perhaps electrogravitics was also revealed in the article “Gravity Nullified: Quartz Crystals Charged by High Frequency Currents Lose Their Weight” which appeared two years earlier in the same magazine in September of 1927. The editors had a change of heart however, in the following issue, they rescinded the article. Much of what we know about T. T. Brown is from his numerous patents and articles, reprinted in Electrogravitics Systems Volume I, by this author who was fortunate to correspond with him in 1981 when he was at the University of Florida. A sample of his detailed correspondence is contained in the out-of-print book, Ether-Technology: A Rational Approach to Gravity-Control by Rho Sigma (1977) and in the recent Defying Gravity: The Parallel Universe of T. Townsend Brown, Paul Schatzkin, (2009, Embassy Books). Also, a five-minute Brown-Bahnson Lab video online shows many of the experimental models that Brown developed toward 1960 with colleague Agnew Bahnson (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rp4hygoD3RU).

* Harold 'Sonny' White, Dynamics of the Vacuum and Casimir Analogs to the Hydrogen Atom, NASA Technical Report, 2015. Abstract: This paper will discuss the current viewpoint of the vacuum state and explore the idea of a "natural" vacuum as opposed to immutable, non-degradable vacuum. This concept will be explored for all primary quantum numbers to show consistency with observation at the level of Bohr theory. A comparison with the Casimir force per unit area will be made, and an explicit function for the spatial variation of the vacuum density around the atomic nucleus will be derived. This explicit function will be numerically modeled using the industry multi-physics tool, COMSOL(trademark), and the eigen frequencies for the n = 1 to n = 7 states will be found and compared to expectation.

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2016

* James Allen, Zero Point Classified Anti-Gravity Craft UFO, Intelligence Deployment, 30 October 2016, YouTube, duration: 92.51 minutes. Includes interview with illustrator Mark McCandish.

* Salvatore Cezar Pais, High Frequency Gravitational Wave Generator, [US Patent] US10322827B2, 2016.

-----, Craft Using an Inertial Mass Reduction Device, [US Patent] US10144532B2, 2016.

-----, Plasma Compression Fusion Device, [US Patent] US20190295733A1, 2016.

-----, Piezoelectricity-induced High Temperature Superconductor , [US Patent] US20190348597A1, 2016.

-----, Electromagnetic Field Generator And Method To Generate An Electromagnetic Field, [US Patent] US10135366B2, 2016.

* Harold 'Sonny' White, Paul March, James Lawrence, Jerry Vera, Andre Sylvester, David Brady and Paul Bailey, Measurement of Impulsive Thrust from a Closed Radio-Frequency Cavity in Vacuum, Aerospace Research Central, 2016. Abstract: A vacuum test campaign evaluating the impulsive thrust performance of a tapered radio-frequency test article excited in the transverse magnitude 212 mode at 1937 MHz has been completed. The test campaign consisted of a forward thrust phase and reverse thrust phase at less than 8×10−6 torr vacuum with power scans at 40, 60, and 80 W. The test campaign included a null thrust test effort to identify any mundane sources of impulsive thrust; however, none were identified. Thrust data from forward, reverse, and null suggested that the system was consistently performing with a thrust-to-power ratio of 1.2±0.1 mN/kW.

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2017

.......

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2018

* Lockheed-Martin secure a patent for a containerized cold fusion reactor which may be the power source for the TR-3B.

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2019

* Salvatore Pais, The Plasma Compression Fusion Device - Enabling Nuclear Fusion Ignition, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 47(11), November 2019.

* Salvatore Pais, Room Temperature Superconducting System for use on a Hybrid Aerospace-Undersea Craft, 2019.

* Eric W. Davis and Harold Puthoff, On Extracting Energy from the Quantum Vacuum, August 2019.

* B. Mattingly, A. Kar, W. Julius, M. Gorban, C. Watson, M. D. Ali, A. Baas, C. Elmore, B. Shakerin, E. W. Davis, G. B. Cleaver, Curvature Invariants for Lorentzian Traversable Wormholes, arXiv, 7 March 2019. Abstract: A process for using curvature invariants is applied as a new means to evaluate the traversability of Lorentzian wormholes and to display the wormhole spacetime manifold. This approach was formulated by Henry, Overduin and Wilcomb for Black Holes in Reference [1]. Curvature invariants are independent of coordinate basis, so the process is free of coordinate mapping distortions and the same regardless of your chosen coordinates. The four independent Carminati and McLenaghan (CM) invariants are calculated and the non-zero curvature invariant functions are plotted. Three example traversable wormhole metrics (i) spherically symmetric Morris and Thorne, (ii) thin-shell Schwarzschild wormholes, and (iii) the exponential metric are investigated and are demonstrated to be traversable.

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2020

* B. Mattingly, A. Kar, M. Gorban, W. Julius, C. K. Watson, M. D. Ali, A. Baas, C. Elmore, J. S. Lee, B. Shakerin, E. W. Davis, G. B. Cleaver, Curvature Invariants for the Accelerating Natario Warp Drive, arXiv, 29 September 2020. Abstract: A process for using curvature invariants is applied to evaluate the accelerating Natario warp drive. Curvature invariants are independent of coordinate bases and plotting the invariants is free of coordinate mapping distortions. While previous works focus mainly on the mathematical description of the warp bubble, plotting curvature invariants provides a novel pathway to investigate the Natário spacetime and its characteristics. For warp drive spacetimes, there are four independent curvature invariants the Ricci scalar, r_1, r_2, and w_2. The invariant plots demonstrate how each curvature invariant evolves over the parameters of time, acceleration, skin depth and radius of the warp bubble. They show that the Ricci scalar has the greatest impact of the invariants on the surrounding spacetime. They also reveal key features of the Natario warp bubble such as a flat harbor in the center of it, a dynamic wake, and the internal structures of the warp bubble.

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2021

* Brandon Mattingly, Abinash Kar, Matthew Gorban, William Julius, Cooper Watson, MD Ali, Andrew Baas, Caleb Elmore, Jeff Lee, Bahram Shakerin, Eric Davis, Gerald Cleaver, Curvature Invariants for the Alcubierre and Natário Warp Drives, arXiv, 14 April 2021. Abstract: A process for using curvature invariants is applied to evaluate the metrics for the Alcubierre and the Natario warp drives at a constant velocity.Curvature invariants are independent of coordinate bases, so plotting these invariants will be free of coordinate mapping distortions. As a consequence, they provide a novel perspective into complex spacetimes such as warp drives. Warp drives are the theoretical solutions to Einstein's field equations that allow the possibility for faster-than-light (FTL) travel. While their mathematics is well established, the visualisation of such spacetimes is unexplored. This paper uses the methods of computing and plotting the warp drive curvature invariants to reveal these spacetimes. The warp drive parameters of velocity, skin depth and radius are varied individually and then plotted to see each parameter's unique effect on the surrounding curvature. For each warp drive, this research shows a safe harbor and how the shape function forms the warp bubble. The curvature plots for the constant velocity Natario warp drive do not contain a wake or a constant curvature indicating that these are unique features of the accelerating Natario warp drive

* Alcubierre, Miguel, Are warp drives possible? Interview with Miguel Alcubierre, Kyle Hill, 20 April 2021, YouTube, duration: 18.51 minutes.

* Bobrick Alexey and Gianni Martire, Introducing Physical Warp Drives, arXiv, Cornell University, 2021. Published in Classical and Quantum Gravity.

* Lentz, Erick W., ;Breaking the Warp Barrier: Hyper-Fast Solutions in Einstein-Maxwell Plasma theory, arXiv, Cornell University, 2021. Published in Classical and Quantum Gravity.

* O'Dowd, Matt, The New Warp Drive Possibilities, PBS Space Time, 22 April 2021, YouTube, duration: 18.53 minutes.

* B. Shakerin, D.D. McNutt, B. Mattingly, A. Kar, W. Julius, M. Gorban, C. Watson, P. Brown, J.S. Lee, E. W. Davis, G.B. Cleaver, Scalar Curvature Invariants in Classical and Quantum Gravity, arXiv, 11 June 2021. Abstract: A short review of scalar curvature invariants in gravity theories is presented. We introduce how these invariants are constructed and discuss the minimal number of invariants required for a given spacetime. We then discuss applications of these invariants and focus on three topics that are of particular interest in modern gravity theories.

* C. K. Watson, W. Julius, M. Gorban, D. D. McNutt, E. W. Davis, G. B. Cleaver, An Invariant Characterization of the Levi-Civita Spacetimes, arXiv, 13 August 2021. Abstract: In the years 1917-1919 Tullio Levi-Civita published a number of papers presenting new solutions to Einstein's equations. This work, while partially translated, remains largely inaccessible to English speaking authors. In this paper we review these solutions, and present them in a modern, readable manner. We will also compute both Cartan-Karlhede and Carminati-Mclenaghan invariants such that these solutions are invariantly characterized by two distinct methods. These methods will allow for these solutions to be totally, and invariantly characterized. Because of the variety of solutions considered here, this paper will also be a useful reference for those seeking to learn to apply the Cartan-Karlhede algorithm in practice.

* Top Secret Anti-Gravity Spy Plane - TR3B Black Manta, Found & Explained, 23 August 2021, YouTube, duration: 15.57 minutes.

* The rabbit hole of Franklin B. Mead, Jr: Years studying advanced concepts at Edwards Air Force Base only to go onto an advisor position at Kepler Aerospace, which has raised 100s of millions in venture capital and allegedly commercializing advanced technology, r/observingtheanomaly, Reddit, 2023.

* Harold "Sonny" White, Worldline numerics applied to custom Casimir geometry generates unanticipated intersection with Alcubierre web metric, The European Physical Journal C, 81(677), 31 July 2021. Abstract: While conducting analysis related to a DARPA-funded project to evaluate possible structure of the energy density present in a Casimir cavity as predicted by the dynamic vacuum model, a micro/nano-scale structure has been discovered that predicts negative energy density distribution that closely matches requirements for the Alcubierre metric. The simplest notional geometry being analyzed as part of the DARPA-funded work consists of a standard parallel plate Casimir cavity equipped with pillars arrayed along the cavity mid-plane with the purpose of detecting a transient electric field arising from vacuum polarization conjectured to occur along the midplane of the cavity. An analytic technique called worldline numerics was adapted to numerically assess vacuum response to the custom Casimir cavity, and these numerical analysis results were observed to be qualitatively quite similar to a two-dimensional representation of energy density requirements for the Alcubierre warp metric. Subsequently, a toy model consisting of a 1μm diameter sphere centrally located in a 4μm diameter cylinder was analyzed to show a three-dimensional Casimir energy density that correlates well with the Alcubierre warp metric requirements. This qualitative correlation would suggest that chip-scale experiments might be explored to attempt to measure tiny signatures illustrative of the presence of the conjectured phenomenon: a real, albeit humble, warp bubble.

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2022

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2023

* James Gilliland, UFOs, Religion, The Origin of Man: Beyond the Controlled Narrative, Lulu.com, 2023, 150p. Abstract: This information is about ending the failed 70+ years of disclosure, the Controlled Narrative, and opening Humanity and the Earth to a whole new future. A future that transcends war, disease, poverty, and division. We have the opportunity to join the Beautiful Many Spiritually and Technologically Advanced Off World visitors as part of the Awakening and Healing of Humanity and the Earth, “Ascension”. It is our destiny.

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2024

* Ramesh Radhakrishnan, Patrick Brown, Jacob Mutulevich, Eric Davis, Gerald Cleaver, A Review of Wormhole Stabilization in f(R) Gravity Theories, arXiv, 9 May 2024. Abstract: It has been proven that in standard Einstein gravity, exotic matter (i.e. matter violating the point-wise and averaged weak and null energy conditions) is required to stabilize traversable wormholes. Quantum field theory permits these violations due to the quantum coherent effects found in any quantum field [1]. Even reasonable classical scalar fields violate the energy conditions. In the case of the Casimir effect and squeezed vacuum states, these violations have been experimentally proven. It is advantageous to investigate methods of minimizing the use of exotic matter. One such area of interest is extended theories of Einstein gravity. It has been claimed that in some extended theories, stable traversable wormholes solutions can be found without the use of exotic matter. There are many extended theories of gravity and in this review paper we first explore f(R) theories and then explore some wormhole solutions in f(R) theories including Lovelock gravity.

* Davis, Eric W. and H. E. Puthoff, Experimental Concepts for Generating Negative Energy in the Laboratory, STAIF Conference, 2024. Abstract: Implementation of faster-than-light (FTL) interstellar travel via traversable wormholes, warp drives, or other spacetime modification schemes generally requires the engineering of spacetime into very specialized local geometries. The analysis of these via Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity (GTR) field equations plus the resultant equations of state demonstrate that such geometries require the use of “exotic” matter in order to induce the requisite FTL spacetime modification. Exotic matter is generally defined by GTR physics to be matter that possesses (renormalized) negative energy density, and this is a very misunderstood and misapplied term by the non-GTR community. We clear up this misconception by defining what negative energy is, where it can be found in nature, and we also review the experimental concepts that have been proposed to generate negative energy in the laboratory.

* Kastrup, Bernardo, Salvatore Pais's Mysterious 'UFO Patients': What Do They Really Mean?, Debrief, 21 January 2024.

* Ashton Forbes, The Shoulders of Giants, JustXAshton, X (Twitter), 23 July 2024.

* Michael Schellenberger, The United States Darpartment of Defence and the Intelligence Community are withholding information about anomalous phenomena from Congress, Testimony to Congress ....., 13 November 2024, 212p.

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Last updated: 2 December 2024

Michael Organ, Australia

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"The Shoulders of Giants" - Free energy (over-unity), anti-gravity & warp drive - a bibliography

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